![]() In case DXA BMD is not available, FRAX can be calculated based on non- BMD risk factors only. FRAX includes a concise set of clinical risk factors (e.g., Age, sex, BMD, etc.) but dietary factors and other chronic diseases potentially affecting bone mass and quality are not included. ![]() Despite advances in risk assessment and treatment, osteoporosis is still often either not recognized or untreated.įRAX™ is a widely used risk algorithm, developed by the World Health Organization to predict the 10-year risk of hip and major osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporosis, estimated to affect 22 millions of women and 5.5 millions of men in the European Union in 2010, is known as the silent epidemic because it does not manifest until a fracture occurs. Screening campaigns may allow both early diagnosis and access to treatment. The high prevalence of secondary osteoporosis in the Italian population clearly indicates the importance of additional risk factors not yet included in the FRAX™ algorithm, for which preventive measures should be considered. The correlation study revealed the significance of some additional factors, such as hyperthyroidism, nephrolithiasis, Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis, celiac disease, poor sun exposure, and oophorectomy before age 50. The calculation of FRAX™ confirmed the weight of the already known risk factors. ResultsĪs many as 18 % of women suffer from osteoporosis, as defined by QUS T-score. Through a correlation study, the influence of each factor on the development of osteoporosis was analyzed. ![]() ![]() Additional risk factors were evaluated, including early menopause, poor sunlight exposure, low dietary calcium intake, physical inactivity, number of pregnancies, months of lactation, tobacco cigarettes smoked per year, specific causes of secondary osteoporosis. The 10-year risk for hip and major osteoporotic fractures was calculated taking into account personal or family history of fragility fracture, smoking, alcohol abuse, rheumatoid arthritis, prolonged steroids assumption. MethodsĪ total of 7305 sequential subjects of both sexes were screened, collecting clinical data through the FRAX™ questionnaire, and measuring heel bone stiffness by Quantitative Ultrasonography (QUS). BoneTour is a campaign conducted throughout the Italian territory for the assessment of Italian people bone status and for the prevention of osteoporosis. ![]()
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